Sarang Semut merupakan tanaman obat asal Papua yang sangat berkhasiat untuk menyembuhkan berbagai macam penyakit secara alami dan aman. Secara turun-temurun sebetulnya Sarang Semut telah digunakan sebagai tumbuhan obat oleh masyarakat pedalaman bagian barat Wamena, Papua, seperti suku-suku di Bogondini dan Tolikara.
Ahli gizi Dr. Mien Karmini yang sempat melakukan eksplorasi di Papua pada tahun 1995 menemukan bahwa Sarang Semut sering digunakan sebagai campuran bubur dan minuman sehari-hari. "Sarang Semut dipercaya meningkatkan imunitas tubuh dan memberikan energi", kata Mien. Zat-zat aktif seperti antioksidan, polifenol, dan glikosida yang terkandung dalam Sarang Semut mampu mengontrol beragam penyakit berat. Jenis masing-masing zat aktif itu memang masih terus diteliti dengan metode elusidasi struktur.
Menurut Dr Subagus Wahyuono Apt MSc dari Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Gadjah Mada, glikosida berfungsi sebagai imunostimulan untuk meningkatkan kekebalan tubuh. "Antioksidan itu melindungi sel-sel tubuh agar dapat menjalankan pekerjaan dengan baik. Kalau sel bekerja dengan baik, penyakit yang mengganggu fungsi sel seperti kanker dapat dicegah," ujar Dr Mangestuti Agil Apt MS, dosen Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Airlangga Surabaya.
Menurut entomolog (ahli serangga), Dr Wijaya, Sarang Semut Mecodia mengandung senyawa antioksidan, vitamin, dan mineral. "Pada semut, antioksidan berperan dalam pembentukan koloni, menjaga tempat telur jauh dari kuman penyakit, sama seperti pada lebah madu," ujar Wijaya. Ia juga menambahkan bahwa Sarang Semut mengandung asam formiat. Hal senada diungkapkan oleh Dr Rosichon Ubaidillah, ahli semut Puslitbang Biologi LIPI. Rosichon yang kerap keluar-masuk hutan Wamena berpendapat bahwa khasiat Sarang Semut mungkin berasal dari Saliva atau kelenjar liur semut dan mikroba yang berasosiasi dengan semut yang tinggal didalam tanaman tersebut.
Ahli pengobatan Cina, Prof Muhammad Yusuf yang telah beberapa kali mendengar tentang Sarang Semut Mecodia, menyatakan bahwa sejak 3.000 tahun silam di Cina tanaman Sarang Semut dan semut sudah dimanfaatkan sebagai obat. "Semut dan Sarang Semut memperbaiki fungsi ginjal. Ginjal mempengaruhi banyak fungsi tubuh," katanya. Willian Aditeja, ahli pengobatan Cina lainnya, mengungkapkan, semut berfungsi menghentikan nyeri, mengatasi rematik, dan melancarkan pembuluh darah.
Sarang Semut Tanaman Nonendemik
Sarang Semut kini menjadi obat baru untuk mengatasi beragam penyakit maut. Itu tak hanya di Wamena, Jayapura, atau kota-kota lain di tanah Papua. Para produsen memperoleh Sarang Semut dengan berburu di hutan-hutan Papua. Sebetulnya, Sarang Semut tak hanya terdapat di Papua. Di pulau terbesar itu, keragaman Sarang Semut memang tinggi, 10 varietas terdapat di sana. Selain Myrmecodia pendans yang sudah terbukti berkhasiat secara empiris, di sana juga terdapat M jobiensis, M erinacea, dan M alata. Sebaran Myrmecodia tuberosa terdapat juga di Ambon, Sumatera Barat, Sulawesi Utara, dan Kalimantan.
Budi Daya Sarang Semut
Menurut Heny JD Latupapua, peneliti Kebun Biologi Wamena, Sarang Semut memungkinkan untuk dibudidayakan. Sebab, tumbuhan itu berbunga, berbuah, dan berbiji. Itu juga dikemukakan Dr Tukirin Partomiharjo dari Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Biologi. Doktor ahli epifit dan entomologi alumnus Kagoshima University itu adalah kurator tanaman anggota famili Rubiaceae yang juga kerap mengeksplorasi Sarang Semut.
Di Australia Sarang Semut juga dikembangkan dengan teknologi kultur jaringan. Pengembangbiakan massal melalui kultur jaringan tak mempengaruhi kandungan senyawa aktif sebuah tanaman. Syaratnya, dalam budi daya harus dikondisikan (suhu, iklim, intensitas cahaya, nutrisi) seperti habitat aslinya. Dengan pengembangan itu perburuan Sarang Semut di hutan dapat dibatasi.
Dapat diprediksi, ketika popularitasnya melambung, kian banyak orang memburu Sarang Semut. Padahal, selama ini para produsen menyandarkan kontinuitas produksi dari kemurahan alam. Bagi konsumen juga mesti hati-hati lantaran Sarang Semut mudah dipalsukan, bentuknya mirip serbuk kayu biasa berwarna cokelat kehitaman. Sikap itu perlu lantaran peluang Sarang Semut sebagai obat amat besar.
"Dengan adanya bukti empiris ini, Sarang Semut Mecodia merupakan sumber baru obat. Banyak senyawa baru yang belum diketahui (jenisnya) ditemukan dengan aktivitas tinggi," ujar Dr Muhammad Ahkam Subroto. Oleh karena itu banyak orang yang mendambakan sehat memilih Sarang Semut Mecodia sebagai jalan pengobatan. (Dari berbagai sumber, sumber utama: Buku "Gempur Penyakit dengan Sarang Semut" Penulis Dr. Ir. Ahkam Subroto, Hendro Saputro).
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